Amaphethini okufuduka kanye nokuguquguquka kwezinto ezilandelanayo njenge-sodium (Na), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), kanye ne-calcium (Ca) ku-petroleum coke ngesikhathi se-calcination athonywa ngokuhlanganyela amazinga okushisa, amafomu okwenzeka, kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Amaphethini athile alandelayo:
1. Ukufuduka kanye Nokuguquguquka kwe-Sodium (Na)
- Isigaba sokushisa okuphansi (<1000°C): I-Sodium ikhona ngokuyinhloko ngesimo sikasawoti ongaphili (isb., i-sodium sulfate, i-sodium chloride) noma ama-organic complexes, anokuguquguquka okuphansi. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, libola kancane kancane libe ama-gaseous oxides (isb., i-Na₂O) noma ama-hydroxide (isb., i-NaOH).
- Isigaba sokushisa okuphezulu (>1000°C): Ukuguquguquka kwe-sodium kuyanda kakhulu. Ama-compounds akhiwe nge-sulfur ne-chlorine (isb., i-Na₂S, i-NaCl) ancibilika kalula noma abole emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, okubangela ukuba i-sodium iphume ngesimo segesi.
- Izici Ezithonyayo: Ukuguquguquka kwe-sodium kuthinteka kakhulu umoya we-calcination (uku-oxidiza/ukunciphisa). Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinciphisayo, i-sodium inamathuba amaningi okuguquguquka ngesimo se-sulfide.
2. Ukufuduka kanye Nokuguquguquka kweVanadium (V)
- Izinhlobo zokuvela: I-Vanadium ku-petroleum coke ikhona kakhulu ezinhlotsheni eziboshwe ngezinto eziphilayo (isb., ama-vanadyl porphyrins) kanye nezinhlobo ezizinzile (isb., ama-vanadium oxides, ama-silicates).
- Isigaba sokushisa okuphansi (<1100°C): I-vanadium eboshwe ngezinto eziphilayo ibola kancane kancane ngokushisa okwandayo, iguquke ibe yizinhlobo ezincibilika emanzini, ezishintshaniswa ngama-ion, noma eziboshwe nge-carbonate. Amanye ama-vanadium asabela namaminerali e-calcium ne-iron ukuze akhe i-eutectics enezinga eliphansi lokuncibilika.
- Isigaba sokushisa okuphezulu (>1100°C): Ukuguquguquka kwe-vanadium kuyanda kakhulu. I-vanadium eboshwe ngezinto eziphilayo ibola ngokushesha ibe izinhlobo ze-VOₓ zegesi (isb., VO, V₂O₅), kuyilapho i-vanadium ezinzile (isb., V₂O₃) incibilika kancane futhi ikhiphe inani elincane le-vanadium emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
- Izici Ezithonyayo: Ukuguquguquka kwe-vanadium kuthonywa izinga lokushisa, izinga lokusha, kanye nokwakheka kwamaminerali. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, i-vanadium yakha izakhiwo ze-nanocrystalline ezine-silicon ne-sulfur, okuholela ekuguqukeni okuyingxenye ngesimo segesi.
3. Ukufuduka kanye Nokuguquguquka kweNickel (Ni)
- Izinhlobo zokuvela: I-nickel ku-petroleum coke ikhona ikakhulukazi ngesimo sama-sulfide (Ni₃S₂), ama-oxide (NiO2), noma ama-silicates.
- Isigaba sokushisa okuphansi (<900°C): I-Nickel ikhona njenge-Ni₃S₂, enokuguquguquka okuphansi.
- Isigaba sokushisa okumaphakathi (900–1200°C): I-Ni₃S₂ ishintsha kancane kancane ibe yi-NiS ku-slag ewuketshezi, ifinyelela okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-NiS okungaba ngu-22.4% ku-1200°C, ngaphambi kokubuyela emuva ku-Ni₃S₂ njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka kakhulu.
- Isigaba sokushisa okuphezulu (>1400°C): I-nickel iyashintshashintsha ngesimo samakhemikhali egesi (isb., Ni(g), NiS(g)), kodwa i-Ni₃S₂ ayiguquki ngokuqondile ibe yi-Ni(s) eqinile.
- Izici Ezithonyayo: Ukuguquguquka kwe-nickel kuthinteka kakhulu yizinto ezikhiqiza igesi (isb. O₂, H₂O). Ukwengezwa kwe-O₂ kuvimbela ukuguqulwa kwe-Ni₃S₂ ibe yi-elemental Ni futhi kuvimbela ukwakheka kwama-spinel compounds (isb. NiAl₂O₄).
4. Ukufuduka kanye Nokuguquguquka kwe-Calcium (Ca)
- Izinhlobo zokuvela: I-calcium ku-petroleum coke ikhona ngokuyinhloko ngesimo se-carbonates (CaCO₃), ama-sulfates (CaSO₄), noma ama-silicates.
- Isigaba sokushisa okuphansi (<800°C): Ama-Carbonate ayabola abe yi-CaO kanye ne-CO₂, kuyilapho ama-sulfate ebola abe yi-CaO kanye ne-SO₃, okuholela ekucebiseni i-calcium ngesimo se-oxide.
- Isigaba sokushisa okumaphakathi (800–1200°C): I-CaO isabela ne-silicon ne-aluminium ukuze yakhe amaminerali anezinga eliphansi lokuncibilika (isb., i-anorthite CaAl₂Si₂O₈), kanti i-calcium ethile isele esimweni esiqinile.
- Isigaba sokushisa okuphezulu (>1200°C): Ukuguquguquka kwe-calcium kuphansi, kodwa amaminerali ancibilika kancane angancibilika noma abole kancane emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, okubangela ukuba i-calcium ihambe ngendlela yegesi noma yoketshezi.
- Izici Ezithonyayo: Ukufuduka kwe-calcium kuthonywa kakhulu yisilinganiso se-silica-alumina kanye nesilinganiso se-iron-calcium. Ukwanda kwesilinganiso se-silica-alumina kukhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwe-FeV₂O₄ ibe yi-V₂O₃, kuyilapho ukwanda kwesilinganiso se-iron-calcium kuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-CaAl₂Si₂O₈.
Amaphethini Aphelele
- Ukuncika ekushiseni: Izinga lokuguquguquka kwezinto ezilandelanayo liyakhula ngokushisa, kodwa amazinga okushisa okuguquguquka ayahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinto (isb., i-vanadium ishintshashintsha kakhulu ngaphezu kuka-1100°C, kuyilapho i-nickel iba ngaphezu kuka-1400°C).
- Ithonya lezinhlobo zokwenzeka: Izinto ezilandelanayo eziboshelwe ezintweni eziphilayo (isb., i-vanadium ephilayo) ziyashintshashintsha kakhulu kunezinhlobo ezizinzile (isb., ama-oxide e-vanadium).
- Ukulawulwa kokusabela kwamakhemikhali: Ukuguquguquka kwezinto ezilandelanayo kulawulwa ukusabela nge-sulfur ne-chlorine, okwakha iphuzu lokuncibilika eliphansi noma ama-gaseous compounds (isb., Na₂S, VOₓ).
- Iziqondiso zokuthuthukisa inqubo: Ukulawula izinga lokushisa le-calcination, umkhathi, kanye nezithasiselo (isb., ama-modifiers e-silica-alumina ratio) kungacindezela ukuguquguquka kwezinto eziyingozi futhi kuthuthukise ikhwalithi ye-calcined coke.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-17-2026