Ingabe kukhona ingozi yokulawula i-geopolitical noma i-resource monopoly ku-graphitized petroleum coke?

I-graphitized petroleum coke ibhekene nezingozi ezithile ze-geopolitical kanye ne-resource monopoly, kanti imithombo yalezi zingozi ingahlaziywa kusukela ezicini ezine: ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsiza, izinguquko ze-geopolitical landscape, ukulawulwa kwe-industrial chain, kanye nezithiyo zenqubomgomo kanye nezokuhweba.

I. Ukusatshalaliswa Kwezinsiza Okungalingani Okuholela Ekuthembekeni Kokunikezwa Kwezinsiza Ezifundeni Ezithile

Njengomkhiqizo ophumayo wokucubungula uwoyela ongahluziwe, umthamo wokukhiqizwa kwe-petroleum coke uhlobene ngqo nomthamo wokucubungula uwoyela ongahluziwe. Ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani komhlaba wonke kwezinsizakusebenza zikawoyela ongahluziwe kuholela ekuthembekeni okukhulu kokuhlinzekwa kwe-petroleum coke ezindaweni ezikhiqiza uwoyela ongahluziwe kanye nezindawo zokucubungula. Isibonelo:

• Ukukhiqizwa Okugxile Kwe-Petroleum Coke eShayina: Kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuNovemba 2024, ukukhiqizwa kwe-petroleum coke yaseShayina kwakugxile kakhulu eMpumalanga China, eNingizimu China, naseNyakatho-mpumalanga China, okubalwa ngaphezu kwama-80% esamba, kanti iMpumalanga China inikela ngaphezu kwama-55%. Lokhu kugxila kwesifunda kwenza ukuguquguquka kokunikezwa kwendawo kube nomthelela emakethe kazwelonke.
• Ukuthembela Okukhulu Ekungenisweni Kwempahla: I-coke kaphethiloli ekhiqizwa yiShayina ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana ngokugcwele nesidingo sasekhaya, kanti ingxenye yegebe lokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa kwayo ingeziwe ngokungeniswa kwempahla. Kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuNovemba 2024, yize ukungeniswa kwe-coke kaphethiloli eShayina kwehle ngo-15.22% unyaka nonyaka, izinga lokuncika kwangaphandle lihlale lingaphezu kuka-25%, kanti i-coke kaphethiloli ene-sulfur ephezulu ibangela ukungeniswa kwempahla okungaphezu kuka-70% ngo-2023. Imithombo yokungenisa impahla ihlanganisa i-United States, iSaudi Arabia, iCanada, kanye nezinye. Izingxabano zezwe noma izinguquko zenqubomgomo yezohwebo kula mazwe zingaphazamisa ngqo ukuzinza kokunikezwa kwempahla.

II. Izinguquko Zesimo Sendawo Yezepolitiki Ezikhulisa Izingozi Zokuphakelwa Kwempahla

Izinguquko esimweni sezwe lamandla emhlabeni jikelele zibeka izinsongo ezingaba khona eketangeni lokuhlinzekwa kwe-petroleum coke:

• Ukuncintisana Okuqinile Kwemithombo: Njengezinto zokusetshenziswa kwamandla namakhemikhali, ukunikezwa kwe-petroleum coke kungathinteka ukuncintisana kwemithombo. Isibonelo, ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki eMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye nobudlelwano obushubile phakathi kweRussia namazwe aseNtshonalanga kungaholela ekuphazamisekeni kokunikezwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe noma ekushintsheni kwamanani, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte ukukhiqizwa kwe-petroleum coke.
• Imizila Yokuhamba Evinjiwe: Izingxabano zezombusazwe zingase zivimbele imizila yokuthutha i-petroleum coke, zandise izindleko zokuhamba nesikhathi, futhi zibangele nokuphazamiseka kokunikezwa. Isibonelo, ukwanda kwezingozi zokuphepha emzileni wokuthumela we-Red Sea kungathinta ukusebenza kahle kokuthunyelwa kwe-petroleum coke eMpumalanga Ephakathi eShayina.

III. Izingozi Zokubumbana Kwezimboni Ezixhumene Nezibalulekile Zochungechunge Lwezimboni

Izixhumanisi noma ubuchwepheshe obuthile ochungechungeni lwezimboni ze-petroleum coke bungalawulwa amabhizinisi noma amazwe ambalwa, okwakha isimo sokuzimela:

• Ukuzibusa Kokuphakelwa Kukawoyela Ongahluziwe Okuphezulu: Imakethe kawoyela ongahluziwe yomhlaba wonke ibuswa amazwe ambalwa akhiqiza uwoyela, lapho izinhlangano ezifana ne-OPEC zithonya amanani kawoyela ngezinqubomgomo zokukhiqiza, ngaleyo ndlela zilawula ngokungaqondile izindleko ze-petroleum coke. Isibonelo, ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-OPEC kungaholela ekukhuphukeni kwentengo kawoyela ongahluziwe, okukhuphula izindleko zokukhiqizwa kwe-petroleum coke.
• Izithiyo Zobuchwepheshe Ekucutshungulweni Okuphakathi: Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula i-petroleum coke, njengokucola okulibazisekile kanye ne-calcination, bunezithiyo ezithile, futhi amabhizinisi ayazi kahle ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko angathola izinzuzo zemakethe. Isibonelo, yize iShayina ihamba phambili kubuchwepheshe be-graphitization, isathembele ekungenisweni kwe-needle coke ephezulu kanye nezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile, okubeka ingozi yobuchwepheshe bokubumbana.
• Imakethe Yokusetshenziswa Egxile Ngaphansi: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-coke kaphethiloli kugxile kakhulu kuma-anode abhakiwe kanye nophethiloli, okubalelwa ku-77% engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2024. Imboni ye-aluminium ye-electrolytic, njengomsebenzisi oyinhloko wama-anode abhakiwe, ingathinta isidingo se-coke kaphethiloli ngenxa yemikhawulo yamandla ayo okukhiqiza (isb., umugqa obomvu waseShayina ongamathani ayizigidi ezingu-45), okwenza i-monopoly eseceleni kwesidingo.

IV. Izithiyo Zenqubomgomo Nezohwebo Ezivimbela Ukuntuleka Kwemakethe

Izinqubomgomo kanye nezithiyo zokuhweba emazweni ahlukahlukene zingase zibhebhethekise ukuhlukaniswa kwemakethe kanye nokulawula imakethe ye-petroleum coke:

• Imikhawulo Yenqubomgomo Yezemvelo: Uhlelo Lokusebenza Lokulondolozwa Kwamandla kanye Nokunciphisa Ikhabhoni lwaseShayina “2024-2025” lubeka ukuthi, ngaphandle kwamayunithi akhona ahlinzeka ngokwawo emabhizinisini e-petrochemical, i-coke kaphethiloli ene-sulfur ephezulu akufanele isetshenziswe njengophethiloli. Le nqubomgomo ivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwe-coke kaphethiloli ene-sulfur ephezulu emkhakheni kaphethiloli, kanti isidingo esithile sishintshela ku-coke kaphethiloli ene-sulfur ephansi, okungenzeka kubangele ukuzimela emakethe ye-coke kaphethiloli ene-sulfur ephansi.
• Ukulawulwa Kokuthunyelwa Kwamanye Amazwe kanye Nezimpi Zokuhweba: Amazwe amakhulu athumela kwamanye amazwe angavimbela ukuhlinzekwa kwe-coke kaphethiloli ngokulawulwa kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe noma anyuse amanani entela ngezimpi zokuhweba, okuthinta ukuntuleka kwemali emakethe yomhlaba wonke. Isibonelo, amanani entela ase-US eShayina angase anyuse izindleko ze-coke kaphethiloli eShayina engenisiwe, okwenza buthaka ukuncintisana kwayo kwamazwe ngamazwe.
• Imikhawulo Yokuthumela Izinsiza: Amazwe acebile ngezinsiza angase anciphise ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ukuze avikele izimboni zawo zasekhaya, okuholela ekungezwani kokunikezwa komhlaba wonke. Isibonelo, imikhawulo yase-Indonesia ekuthunyelweni kwe-nickel ore, nakuba ingahileli ngqo i-petroleum coke, ibonisa umkhuba wamazwe athumela izinsiza kwamanye amazwe esebenzisa amathuluzi enqubomgomo ukulawula izimakethe, okungenzeka kubangele izingozi ezifanayo kwezinye izinsiza ezifana ne-petroleum coke.