I-Graphite ihlukaniswe yaba yi-graphite yokwenziwa kanye ne-graphite yemvelo, okuyimithombo eqinisekisiwe emhlabeni ye-graphite yemvelo engamathani angaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili.
I-graphite yokwenziwa itholakala ngokubola nokwelashwa ngokushisa kwezinto eziqukethe ikhabhoni ngaphansi kwengcindezi evamile. Lokhu kuguqulwa kudinga izinga lokushisa eliphezulu namandla njengamandla okuqhuba, futhi isakhiwo esingahlelekile sizoguqulwa sibe isakhiwo sekristalu se-graphite esihleliwe.
I-Graphitization ngomqondo obanzi wezinto ezisebenzisa i-carbonaceous ngokusebenzisa ukwelashwa kokushisa okuphezulu okungaphezu kuka-2000 ℃, ama-athomu e-carbon ahlelwe kabusha, noma kunjalo, ezinye izinto ezisebenzisa i-carbon ekushiseni okuphezulu okungaphezu kuka-3000 ℃, lolu hlobo lwezinto ezisebenzisa i-carbon lwalwaziwa ngokuthi “amalahle aqinile”, ukuze kube lula ukwenza izinto ezisebenzisa i-carbon graphitized, indlela yendabuko yokwenza i-graphitization ifaka phakathi indlela yokushisa okuphezulu kanye nengcindezi ephezulu, i-catalytic graphitization, indlela yokufaka umphunga wamakhemikhali, njll.
I-graphitization iyindlela ephumelelayo yokusebenzisa izinto ze-carbonaceous ngenani eliphezulu. Ngemva kocwaningo olunzulu nolujulile olwenziwe yizazi, isivuthiwe manje. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izici ezingezinhle zikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwe-graphitization yendabuko embonini, ngakho-ke kuwumkhuba ongenakugwenywa ukuhlola izindlela ezintsha ze-graphitization.
Indlela ye-electrolysis kasawoti oncibilikisiwe kusukela ngekhulu le-19 ibilokhu ithuthukiswa iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, inkolelo-mbono yayo eyisisekelo kanye nezindlela ezintsha zihlala zintsha futhi zithuthukiswa, manje ayisagcini embonini yendabuko yensimbi, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, insimbi ohlelweni lukasawoti oncibilikisiwe, ukulungiswa kokunciphisa i-oxide eqinile ye-electrolytic yezinsimbi eziyisisekelo, isibe yindawo egxile kakhulu ekusebenzeni kakhulu,
Muva nje, indlela entsha yokulungiselela izinto ze-graphite nge-electrolysis kasawoti oncibilikisiwe iye yadonsela ukunaka okukhulu.
Ngokusebenzisa i-cathodic polarization kanye ne-electrodeposition, izinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene zezinto zokusetshenziswa kwekhabhoni ziguqulwa zibe izinto ze-nano-graphite ezinenani eliphezulu elengeziwe. Uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe bendabuko be-graphitization, indlela entsha ye-graphitization inezinzuzo zokushisa okuphansi kwe-graphitization kanye nesimo esilawulekayo.
Leli phepha libukeza inqubekela phambili ye-graphitization ngendlela ye-electrochemical, lethula lobu buchwepheshe obusha, lihlaziya izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwabo, futhi libheke phambili ekuthuthukisweni kwayo kwesikhathi esizayo.
Okokuqala, indlela yokuhlukanisa i-electrolytic cathode kasawoti oncibilikisiwe
1.1 izinto zokusetshenziswa
Njengamanje, izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-graphite yokwenziwa yi-needle coke kanye ne-pitch coke enezinga eliphezulu le-graphitization, okungukuthi yi-oil residue kanye ne-coal tar njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinto zekhabhoni ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ezine-porosity ephansi, i-sulfur ephansi, okuqukethwe komlotha okuphansi kanye nezinzuzo ze-graphitization, ngemuva kokulungiswa kwayo ibe yi-graphite inokumelana okuhle nokuthinteka, amandla aphezulu okusebenza, ukumelana okuphansi,
Kodwa-ke, ukuncishiswa kwemithombo kawoyela kanye namanani kawoyela ashintshashintshayo kuye kwavimbela intuthuko yawo, ngakho-ke ukufuna izinto ezintsha zokusetshenziswa sekuyinkinga ephuthumayo okufanele ixazululwe.
Izindlela zendabuko zokufaka i-graphitization zinemikhawulo, futhi izindlela ezahlukene zokufaka i-graphitization zisebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezahlukene. Ku-carbon engeyona i-graphitized, izindlela zendabuko azikwazi ukuyifaka i-graphitization, kuyilapho ifomula ye-electrochemical ye-electrolysis kasawoti oncibilikisiwe iphula umkhawulo wezinto zokusetshenziswa, futhi ifanele cishe zonke izinto zendabuko ze-carbon.
Izinto zekhabhoni zendabuko zifaka phakathi i-carbon black, i-activated carbon, amalahle, njll., phakathi kwazo amalahle ayiwona athembisa kakhulu. Uyinki osekelwe kumalahle uthatha amalahle njengesandulela futhi ulungiswa ube yimikhiqizo ye-graphite ekushiseni okuphezulu ngemva kokwelashwa kwangaphambili.
Muva nje, leli phepha liphakamisa izindlela ezintsha ze-electrochemical, njenge-Peng, nge-electrolysis kasawoti oncibilikisiwe akunakwenzeka ukuthi i-graphitized carbon black ibe yi-crystallinity ephezulu ye-graphite, i-electrolysis yamasampula e-graphite aqukethe ama-chips e-graphite nanometer shape petal, inendawo ephezulu ethile, lapho isetshenziselwa i-cathode yebhethri le-lithium ibonise ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwe-electrochemical kune-graphite yemvelo.
UZhu nabanye bafaka amalahle asezingeni eliphansi ahlinzwe ngokukhipha usawoti ohlelweni lwe-CaCl2 oluncibilikisiwe ukuze asetshenziswe nge-electrolysis ku-950 ℃, futhi baguqula ngempumelelo amalahle asezingeni eliphansi abe yi-graphite ene-crystallinity ephezulu, ebonise ukusebenza kahle kwesilinganiso kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside komjikelezo lapho isetshenziswa njenge-anode yebhethri le-lithium ion.
Ukuhlolwa kukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuguqula izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto zekhabhoni zendabuko zibe yi-graphite ngokusebenzisa i-electrolysis kasawoti oncibilikisiwe, okuvula indlela entsha ye-graphite yokwenziwa yesikhathi esizayo.
1.2 indlela yokusebenza
Indlela ye-electrolysis kasawoti oncibilikisiwe isebenzisa izinto zekhabhoni njenge-cathode futhi iyiguqula ibe yi-graphite enekristali ephezulu ngokusebenzisa i-cathodic polarization. Njengamanje, izincwadi ezikhona zikhuluma ngokususwa komoya-mpilo kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kwama-athomu ekhabhoni ebangeni elide enqubweni yokuguqulwa okungenzeka kwe-cathodic polarization.
Ukuba khona komoya-mpilo ezintweni zekhabhoni kuzovimbela i-graphitization ngezinga elithile. Enqubweni yendabuko ye-graphitization, umoya-mpilo uzosuswa kancane kancane uma izinga lokushisa liphakeme kune-1600K. Kodwa-ke, kulula kakhulu ukususa i-oxidize ngokusebenzisa i-cathodic polarization.
UPeng, njll. ekuhlolweni okokuqala ngqa wabeka phambili indlela engaba khona ye-electrolysis cathodic polarization kasawoti oncibilikisiwe, okungukuthi i-graphitization indawo okufanele uqale kuyo ukutholakala ku-solid carbon microspheres/electrolyte interface, ifomu le-carbon microsphere lokuqala lizungeze igobolondo le-graphite eliyisisekelo elilinganayo, bese kuthi ama-athomu e-carbon carbon angazinzi asakazeke abe yi-graphite yangaphandle ezinzile, kuze kube yilapho i-graphitized ngokuphelele,
Inqubo ye-graphitization ihambisana nokususwa komoya-mpilo, okuqinisekiswa futhi yizivivinyo.
UJin nabanye nabo bafakazele lo mbono ngokuhlola. Ngemva kokwenziwa kwe-carbonization ye-glucose, kwenziwa i-graphitization (okuqukethwe yi-oxygen okungu-17%). Ngemva kokwenziwa kwe-graphitization, ama-solid carbon sphere okuqala (Isithombe 1a no-1c) akha igobolondo elinezimbobo elakhiwe ngama-nanosheet e-graphite (Isithombe 1b no-1d).
Ngokusebenzisa i-electrolysis yemicu ye-carbon (16% oxygen), imicu ye-carbon ingaguqulwa ibe amashubhu e-graphite ngemva kokwenziwa kwe-graphitization ngokuya ngendlela yokuguqulwa ecatshangelwe ezincwadini.
Kukholelwa ukuthi, ukunyakaza ibanga elide kungaphansi kokwehlukaniswa kwe-cathodic kwama-athomu e-carbon, i-graphite ephezulu yekristalu kuya ku-carbon amorphous rearrange kumele icutshungulwe, i-graphite yokwenziwa eyingqayizivele yama-petals shape nanostructures azuze kuma-athomu e-oxygen, kodwa indlela ethile yokuthonya isakhiwo se-graphite nanometer ayicaci, njenge-oxygen evela ku-carbon skeleton ngemuva kokuthi i-cathode isabela kanjani, njll.,
Okwamanje, ucwaningo ngale ndlela lusesesigabeni sokuqala, futhi kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe.
1.3 Ukucaciswa kwesimo se-graphite yokwenziwa
I-SEM isetshenziselwa ukubona ukwakheka kwendawo encane kakhulu ye-graphite, i-TEM isetshenziselwa ukubona ukwakheka kwesakhiwo okungaphansi kuka-0.2 μm, i-XRD kanye ne-Raman spectroscopy yizona zindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ukuchaza isakhiwo esincane se-graphite, i-XRD isetshenziselwa ukuchaza ulwazi lwekristalu lwe-graphite, kanti i-Raman spectroscopy isetshenziselwa ukuchaza amaphutha kanye nezinga lokuhleleka kwe-graphite.
Kunezimbobo eziningi ku-graphite ezilungiselelwe yi-cathode polarization ye-electrolysis kasawoti oncibilikisiwe. Kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezahlukene, njenge-carbon black electrolysis, kutholakala ama-nanostructures anezimbobo afana nama-petal. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-XRD kanye ne-Raman spectrum kwenziwa ku-carbon black ngemuva kwe-electrolysis.
Ku-827 ℃, ngemva kokuphathwa nge-voltage engu-2.6V ihora eli-1, isithombe se-Raman spectral se-carbon black sicishe sifane nese-graphite yezentengiselwano. Ngemva kokuba i-carbon black iphathwe ngamazinga okushisa ahlukene, kulinganiswa i-peak ebukhali ye-graphite (002). I-peak ye-diffraction (002) imelela izinga lokuma kwengqimba ye-carbon enuka kamnandi ku-graphite.
Uma ungqimba lwekhabhoni lubukhali, luba luqonde kakhulu.
UZhu wasebenzisa amalahle aphansi ahlanziwe njenge-cathode ekuhlolweni, futhi isakhiwo esincane somkhiqizo onama-graphite saguqulwa kusuka ku-granular kuya ku-graphite enkulu, kanti ungqimba lwe-graphite oluqinile lwabonwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope ye-electron yokudlulisa enezinga eliphezulu.
Ku-Raman spectra, ngokushintsha kwezimo zokuhlola, inani le-ID/Ig nalo lashintsha. Lapho izinga lokushisa le-electrolytic lingu-950 ℃, isikhathi se-electrolytic sasingu-6h, kanti i-voltage ye-electrolytic yayingu-2.6V, inani eliphansi kakhulu le-ID/Ig lalingu-0.3, kanti i-D peak yayiphansi kakhulu kune-G peak. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubonakala kwe-2D peak nakho kwakumele ukwakheka kwesakhiwo se-graphite esihlelekile kakhulu.
Iphuzu elibukhali (002) lokusabalalisa kwe-diffraction esithombeni se-XRD liphinde liqinisekise ukuguqulwa okuphumelelayo kwamalahle angaphansi abe yi-graphite anekristalu ephezulu.
Enqubweni yokwenza i-graphitization, ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kanye ne-voltage kuzodlala indima yokukhuthaza, kodwa i-voltage ephezulu kakhulu izonciphisa isivuno se-graphite, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu noma isikhathi eside kakhulu sokwenza i-graphitization kuzoholela ekuchithweni kwezinsiza, ngakho-ke ezintweni ezahlukene zekhabhoni, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlola izimo ze-electrolytic ezifanele kakhulu, futhi kugxilwe futhi kube nobunzima.
Lesi sakhiwo se-nano-like flake esifana ne-petal sinezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ze-electrochemical. Inani elikhulu lama-pores livumela ama-ion ukuthi afakwe/asuswe ngokushesha, okuhlinzeka ngezinto ze-cathode ezisezingeni eliphezulu zamabhethri, njll. Ngakho-ke, i-graphitization yendlela ye-electrochemical iyindlela engaba khona kakhulu ye-graphitization.
Indlela yokubeka i-electrode kasawoti oncibilikisiwe
2.1 Ukufakwa kwe-electrode kwe-carbon dioxide
Njengegesi ebaluleke kakhulu yokushisa, i-CO2 nayo iyisisetshenziswa esivuselelekayo esingenabo ubuthi, esingenangozi, esishibhile futhi esitholakala kalula. Kodwa-ke, ikhabhoni ku-CO2 isesimweni esiphezulu kakhulu sokushiswa, ngakho-ke i-CO2 inokuqina okuphezulu kwe-thermodynamic, okwenza kube nzima ukuyisebenzisa kabusha.
Ucwaningo lokuqala mayelana nokuma kwe-CO2 electrode lungalandelelwa emuva ngawo-1960. U-Ingram nabanye balungiselela ngempumelelo i-carbon ku-electrode yegolide ohlelweni lukasawoti oluncibilikisiwe lwe-Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3.
UVan nabanye baveze ukuthi izimpushana zekhabhoni ezitholakala ngama-reduction potential ahlukene zinezakhiwo ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-graphite, i-carbon engaguquki kanye ne-carbon nanofibers.
Ngosawoti oncibilikisiwe ukuze kubanjwe i-CO2 kanye nendlela yokulungiselela impumelelo yezinto zekhabhoni, ngemuva kwesikhathi eside izazi zocwaningo zigxile endleleni yokwakheka kwekhabhoni kanye nomthelela wezimo ze-electrolysis kumkhiqizo wokugcina, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa le-electrolytic, i-voltage ye-electrolytic kanye nokwakheka kosawoti oncibilikisiwe kanye nama-electrode, njll., ukulungiswa kokusebenza okuphezulu kwezinto ze-graphite zokubeka i-electrode ye-CO2 kubeke isisekelo esiqinile.
Ngokushintsha i-electrolyte nokusebenzisa uhlelo lukasawoti oluncibilikisiwe olusekelwe ku-CaCl2 olune-CO2 capture efficiency ephezulu, uHu nabanye balungiselele ngempumelelo i-graphene enezinga eliphezulu le-graphitization kanye nama-carbon nanotubes kanye nezinye izakhiwo ze-nanographite ngokufunda izimo ze-electrolytic ezifana nokushisa kwe-electrolysis, ukwakheka kwe-electrode kanye nokwakheka kukasawoti oncibilikisiwe.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo lwe-carbonate, i-CaCl2 inezinzuzo zokuthi ishibhile futhi kulula ukuyithola, i-conductivity ephezulu, kulula ukuyincibilikisa emanzini, kanye nokuncibilika okuphezulu kwama-ion e-oxygen, okunikeza izimo zemfundiso yokuguqulwa kwe-CO2 ibe yimikhiqizo ye-graphite enenani eliphezulu elengeziwe.
2.2 Indlela Yokuguqula
Ukulungiswa kwezinto zekhabhoni ezinenani eliphezulu ngokubeka i-electrode ye-CO2 kusuka kusawoti oncibilikisiwe kufaka phakathi ukubanjwa kwe-CO2 kanye nokunciphisa okungaqondile. Ukubanjwa kwe-CO2 kuqedwa ngosawoti oncibilikisiwe we-O2- okhululekile, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Equation (1):
CO2+O2-→CO3 2- (1)
Njengamanje, kuye kwaphakanyiswa izindlela ezintathu zokusabela zokunciphisa okungaqondile: ukusabela kwesinyathelo esisodwa, ukusabela kwesinyathelo ezimbili kanye nendlela yokusabela kokunciphisa insimbi.
Indlela yokusabela yesinyathelo esisodwa yaqala ukuphakanyiswa ngu-Ingram, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Equation (2):
I-CO3 2-+ 4E – →C+3O2- (2)
Indlela yokusabela enezinyathelo ezimbili yaphakanyiswa nguBorucka et al., njengoba kuboniswe ku-Equation (3-4):
CO3 2-+ 2E – →CO2 2-+O2- (3)
I-CO2 2-+ 2E – →C+2O2- (4)
Indlela yokusabela kokunciphisa insimbi yaphakanyiswa nguDeanhardt nabanye. Babekholelwa ukuthi ama-ion ensimbi aqale ancishiswa abe yinsimbi ku-cathode, bese insimbi incishiswa abe yi-carbonate ions, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Equation (5~6):
M- + E – →M (5)
4 m + M2CO3 – > C + 3 m2o (6)
Njengamanje, indlela yokusabela yesinyathelo esisodwa iyamukelwa ngokuvamile ezincwadini ezikhona.
U-Yin nabanye bafunde uhlelo lwe-Li-Na-K carbonate olune-nickel njenge-cathode, i-tin dioxide njenge-anode kanye ne-silver wire njenge-electrode yokubhekisela, futhi bathola isibalo sokuhlolwa kwe-cyclic voltammetry ku-Figure 2 (izinga lokuskena elingu-100 mV/s) ku-nickel cathode, futhi bathola ukuthi kwakukhona i-reduction peak eyodwa kuphela (ku-2.0V) ekuskeni okungekuhle.
Ngakho-ke, kungaphethwa ngokuthi ukusabela okukodwa kuphela okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokunciphisa i-carbonate.
UGao nabanye bathole i-cyclic voltammetry efanayo ohlelweni olufanayo lwe-carbonate.
UGe nabanye basebenzise i-anode engasasebenzi kanye ne-tungsten cathode ukuze babambe i-CO2 ohlelweni lwe-LiCl-Li2CO3 futhi bathola izithombe ezifanayo, futhi kwavela kuphela inani eliphansi lokufakwa kwekhabhoni ekuskeni okungekuhle.
Kuhlelo lwe-alkaline metal oluncibilikisiwe usawoti, izinsimbi ze-alkali kanye ne-CO2 kuzokhiqizwa ngenkathi ikhabhoni ibekwa yi-cathode. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi izimo ze-thermodynamic zokusabela kwekhabhoni ziphansi ekushiseni okuphansi, kuphela ukwehla kwekhabhoni ibe yikhabhoni okungatholakala ekuhlolweni.
2.3 Ukubanjwa kwe-CO2 ngosawoti oncibilikisiwe ukulungiselela imikhiqizo ye-graphite
Izinto ze-graphite nanomaterials ezinenani eliphezulu ezifana ne-graphene kanye nama-carbon nanotubes zingalungiswa ngokubeka i-CO2 kusuka kusawoti oncibilikisiwe ngokulawula izimo zokuhlola. UHu nabanye basebenzise insimbi engagqwali njenge-cathode ohlelweni lukasawoti oncibilikisiwe lwe-CaCl2-NaCl-CaO futhi zafakwa nge-electrolyze amahora ama-4 ngaphansi kwesimo se-voltage engaguquki engu-2.6V emazingeni okushisa ahlukene.
Ngenxa ye-catalysis yensimbi kanye nomphumela wokuqhuma kwe-CO phakathi kwezingqimba ze-graphite, i-graphene yatholakala ebusweni be-cathode. Inqubo yokulungiselela i-graphene iboniswe ku-Fig. 3.
Isithombe
Izifundo zakamuva zengeze i-Li2SO4 ngesisekelo sesistimu kasawoti encibilikisiwe ye-CaCl2-NaClCaO, izinga lokushisa le-electrolysis lalingu-625 ℃, ngemuva kwamahora ama-4 e-electrolysis, ngesikhathi esifanayo ekufakweni kwe-carbon cathodic okutholakale i-graphene ne-carbon nanotubes, ucwaningo luthole ukuthi i-Li+ ne-SO4 2- ziletha umphumela omuhle ku-graphitization.
Isibabule siphinde sihlanganiswe ngempumelelo emzimbeni wekhabhoni, futhi amashidi e-graphite amancane kakhulu kanye nekhabhoni ene-filamentous kungatholakala ngokulawula izimo ze-electrolytic.
Izinto ezifana nokushisa kwe-electrolytic okuphezulu nokuphansi kokwakheka kwe-graphene zibalulekile, lapho izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kune-800 ℃ kulula ukukhiqiza i-CO esikhundleni se-carbon, cishe akukho ukufakwa kwe-carbon lapho kuphakeme kune-950 ℃, ngakho-ke ukulawula izinga lokushisa kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhiqiza ama-graphene nama-carbon nanotubes, futhi kubuyiselwe isidingo sokusabela kwe-carbon deposition CO ukusabela ukuvumelanisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-cathode ikhiqiza i-graphene ezinzile.
Le misebenzi inikeza indlela entsha yokulungiselela imikhiqizo ye-nano-graphite yi-CO2, ebaluleke kakhulu ekuxazululeni amagesi okushisa kanye nokulungiselela i-graphene.
3. Isifinyezo kanye Nombono
Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemboni entsha yamandla, i-graphite yemvelo ayikwazanga ukuhlangabezana nesidingo samanje, futhi i-graphite yokwenziwa inezakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezingcono kune-graphite yemvelo, ngakho-ke i-graphitization eshibhile, esebenza kahle futhi enobungani nemvelo iyinhloso yesikhathi eside.
Izindlela ze-electrochemical graphitization ezintweni zokusetshenziswa eziqinile nezinegesi ngendlela ye-cathodic polarization kanye ne-electrochemical deposition yaphuma ngempumelelo ezintweni ze-graphite ezinenani eliphezulu elengeziwe, uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela yendabuko ye-graphitization, indlela ye-electrochemical isebenza kahle kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo okuluhlaza, ngoba izinto ezincane zinqunyelwe izinto ezikhethiwe ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokusho kwezimo ezahlukene ze-electrolysis zingalungiswa nge-morphology ehlukene yesakhiwo se-graphite,
Ihlinzeka ngendlela ephumelelayo yokuthi zonke izinhlobo ze-carbon amorphous kanye namagesi okushisa aguqulwe abe izinto eziyigugu ze-graphite ezakhiwe ngendlela encane futhi inethuba elihle lokusetshenziswa.
Okwamanje, lobu buchwepheshe busesencane. Zimbalwa izifundo mayelana nokuguqulwa kwe-graphitization ngendlela ye-electrochemical, futhi kusenezinqubo eziningi ezingaziwa. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqala ezintweni zokusetshenziswa bese wenza ucwaningo oluphelele noluhlelekile kuma-carbon ahlukahlukene angenawo ukwakheka, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo uhlole i-thermodynamics kanye ne-dynamics yokuguqulwa kwe-graphite ezingeni elijulile.
Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesikhathi esizayo kwemboni ye-graphite.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-10-2021