01. Indlela yokuhlukanisa ama-recarburizer
Ama-carburizer angahlukaniswa cishe abe izinhlobo ezine ngokwezinto zawo zokusetshenziswa.
1. I-graphite yokwenziwa
Izinto eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa zokwenziwa kwe-graphite yokwenziwa yi-coke ye-petroleum ephekiwe esezingeni eliphezulu ene-calcium, lapho kufakwa khona i-asphalt njenge-binder, bese kufakwa inani elincane lezinye izinto ezisizayo. Ngemva kokuba izinto zokusetshenziswa ezahlukahlukene zixutshwe ndawonye, ziyacindezelwa futhi zakheke, bese ziphathwa emoyeni ongaxubi i-oxidizing ku-2500-3000 ° C ukuze zenziwe i-graphitized. Ngemva kokwelashwa ngezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, okuqukethwe komlotha, i-sulfur kanye negesi kuncishiswa kakhulu.
Ngenxa yentengo ephezulu yemikhiqizo ye-graphite yokwenziwa, iningi lama-recarburizer e-graphite yokwenziwa asetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni zokwenziwa yizinto ezisetshenziswa kabusha njenge-chips, ama-electrode angcolile kanye namabhulokhi e-graphite lapho kukhiqizwa ama-electrode e-graphite ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zokukhiqiza.
Uma kuncibilikiswa insimbi ethambile, ukuze kwenziwe ikhwalithi yensimbi ethambile ibe phezulu, i-graphite yokwenziwa kufanele ibe yisinqumo sokuqala se-recarburizer.
2. I-coke kaphethiloli
I-petroleum coke iyi-recarburizer esetshenziswa kabanzi.
I-petroleum coke iwumkhiqizo otholakala ngokucwenga uwoyela ongahluziwe. Izinsalela kanye nama-petroleum pitches atholakala ngokuhluzwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi evamile noma ngaphansi kwengcindezi encishisiwe kawoyela ongahluziwe angasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza i-petroleum coke, bese kuthi i-green petroleum coke ingatholakala ngemuva kokuyipheka. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-green petroleum coke cishe kungaphansi kuka-5% wenani lamafutha angahluziwe asetshenziswayo. Ukukhiqizwa kwaminyaka yonke kwe-petroleum coke engahluziwe e-United States kungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-30. Okuqukethwe kokungcola ku-green petroleum coke kuphezulu, ngakho-ke akukwazi ukusetshenziswa ngqo njenge-recarburizer, futhi kumele kufakwe i-calcium kuqala.
I-coke ye-petroleum eluhlaza itholakala ngesimo esifana nesiponji, esifana nenaliti, esinongwengwezi kanye nesiketshezi.
I-sponge petroleum coke ilungiswa ngendlela yokubamba ephuzile. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-sulfur nensimbi, ivame ukusetshenziswa njengophethiloli ngesikhathi se-calcination, futhi ingasetshenziswa njengento eluhlaza ye-calcined petroleum coke. I-calcined sponge coke isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini ye-aluminium kanye ne-recarburizer.
I-coke ye-petroleum yenaliti ilungiswa ngendlela yokupheka ephuzile ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-hydrocarbon anuka kamnandi kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kokungcola. Le coke inesakhiwo esifana nenaliti esiqhekeka kalula, ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi i-graphite coke, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu ukwenza ama-electrode e-graphite ngemva kokugaya.
I-granular petroleum coke isesimweni sama-granule aqinile futhi yenziwe ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-sulfur ne-asphaltene ngendlela ye-delayed coking, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu njengophethiloli.
I-coke ye-petroleum e-fluidized itholakala ngokuyipheka njalo embhedeni ophekiwe.
Ukwakheka kwe-coke ye-petroleum ukususa isibabule, umswakama kanye nokungaguquguquki. Ukwakheka kwe-coke ye-petroleum eluhlaza ku-1200-1350°C kungenza kube yi-carbon emsulwa kakhulu.
Umsebenzisi omkhulu we-calcined petroleum coke yimboni ye-aluminium, engu-70% yayo esetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-anode anciphisa i-bauxite. Cishe u-6% we-calcined petroleum coke ekhiqizwa e-United States isetshenziselwa ukwenza i-cast iron recarburizers.
3. I-graphite yemvelo
I-graphite yemvelo ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: i-flake graphite kanye ne-microcrystalline graphite.
I-Microcrystalline graphite inomlotha omningi futhi ngokuvamile ayisetshenziswa njenge-recarburizer yensimbi ephonswe.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-flake graphite: i-high carbon flake graphite idinga ukukhishwa ngezindlela zamakhemikhali, noma ishiswe kuze kufike ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze ibole futhi iguqule ama-oxide akuyo. Okuqukethwe komlotha ku-graphite kuphakeme, ngakho-ke akufaneleki ukusetshenziswa njenge-recarburizer; i-medium carbon graphite isetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-recarburizer, kodwa inani layo alilikhulu.
4. I-Coke ne-Anthracite
Enkambisweni yokwenza insimbi yesithando sikagesi se-arc, i-coke noma i-anthracite ingangezwa njenge-recarburizer uma ishaja. Ngenxa yomlotha wayo ophezulu kanye nokuqukethwe okuguquguqukayo, insimbi ecijile yokuncibilikisa isithando somlilo ayisetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-recarburizer.
Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezidingo zokuvikela imvelo, kugxilwa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsiza, futhi amanani ensimbi yengulube ne-coke ayaqhubeka nokukhuphuka, okuholela ekwandeni kwezindleko zokufaka izinto ezibunjiwe. Izinkampani eziningi ezisungula izinto ezibunjiwe ziqala ukusebenzisa izitofu zikagesi ukuze zithathe indawo yokuncibilika kwe-cupola kwendabuko. Ekuqaleni kuka-2011, indawo yokusebenzela yezingxenye ezincane neziphakathi efektri yethu nayo yamukela inqubo yokuncibilika kwe-furnace kagesi ukuze ithathe indawo yenqubo yokuncibilika kwe-cupola yendabuko. Ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi eningi eqoshiwe ekuncibilikiseni i-furnace kagesi akugcini nje ngokunciphisa izindleko, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini zokufaka izinto ezibunjiwe, kodwa uhlobo lwe-recarburizer olusetshenziswayo kanye nenqubo yokufaka izinto ezibunjiwe kudlala indima ebalulekile.
02. Indlela yokusebenzisa i-recarburizer ekuncibilikiseni isithando somlilo esingenisiwe
1 Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-recarburizer
Kunezinto eziningi ezisetshenziswa njengezinto zokuvuselela insimbi ephonswe phansi, ezivame ukusetshenziswa yi-graphite yokwenziwa, i-calcined petroleum coke, i-graphite yemvelo, i-coke, i-anthracite, kanye nezingxube ezenziwe ngezinto ezinjalo.
(1) I-graphite yokwenziwa Phakathi kwama-recarburizer ahlukahlukene okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla, ikhwalithi engcono kakhulu yi-graphite yokwenziwa. Izinto eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa zokwenziwa kwe-graphite yokwenziwa yi-coke ye-petroleum e-calcined esezingeni eliphezulu ephuzwayo, lapho i-asphalt ifakwa khona njenge-binder, bese kufakwa inani elincane lezinye izinto ezisizayo. Ngemva kokuba izinto zokusetshenziswa ezahlukene zixutshwe ndawonye, ziyacindezelwa futhi zakheke, bese ziphathwa emoyeni ongewona owoku-oxidizing ku-2500-3000 °C ukuze zenziwe i-graphitized. Ngemva kokwelashwa ngezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, okuqukethwe komlotha, i-sulfur kanye negesi kuncipha kakhulu. Uma kungekho-coke ye-petroleum e-calcined ekushiseni okuphezulu noma ngokushisa okunganele kwe-calcination, ikhwalithi ye-recarburizer izothinteka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ikhwalithi ye-recarburizer incike kakhulu ezingeni le-graphitization. I-recarburizer enhle iqukethe i-graphitic carbon (ingxenye yesisindo) Ku-95% kuya ku-98%, okuqukethwe kwe-sulfur kungu-0.02% kuya ku-0.05%, kanti okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen kungu-(100 kuya ku-200) × 10-6.
(2) I-petroleum coke iyi-recarburizer esetshenziswa kabanzi. I-petroleum coke iwumkhiqizo otholakala ekucwengisiseni uwoyela ongahluziwe. Izinsalela kanye nama-petroleum pitches atholakala ekucwengisisweni okuvamile kwengcindezi noma ekucwengisweni kwe-vacuum uwoyela ongahluziwe angasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza i-petroleum coke. Ngemva kokucwengisisa, i-petroleum coke eluhlaza ingatholakala. Okuqukethwe kuphezulu futhi akukwazi ukusetshenziswa ngqo njenge-recarburizer, futhi kumele kufakwe i-calcium kuqala.
(3) I-graphite yemvelo ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: i-flake graphite kanye ne-microcrystalline graphite. I-Microcrystalline graphite inomlotha omningi futhi ngokuvamile ayisetshenziswa njenge-recarburizer yensimbi ephonswe. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-flake graphite: i-high carbon flake graphite idinga ukukhishwa ngezindlela zamakhemikhali, noma ishiswe kuze kufike ekushiseni okuphezulu ukuze ibole futhi iguqule ama-oxide akuyo. Okuqukethwe komlotha ku-graphite kuphakeme futhi akufanele kusetshenziswe njenge-recarburizer. I-medium carbon graphite isetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-recarburizer, kodwa inani aliliningi.
(4) I-Coke kanye ne-anthracite Enkambisweni yokuncibilikisa isithando somlilo esingenisiwe, i-coke noma i-anthracite ingangezwa njenge-recarburizer uma ishaja. Ngenxa yomlotha wayo ophezulu kanye nokuqukethwe okuguquguqukayo, insimbi ecijile yokuncibilikisa isithando somlilo esingenisiwe ayivamile ukusetshenziswa njenge-recarburizer. , Intengo yalesi si-recarburizer iphansi, futhi ingeyomshini we-recarburizer osezingeni eliphansi.
2. Isimiso sokushintshashintsha kwensimbi encibilikisiwe
Enqubweni yokuncibilikisa insimbi eyenziwe ngokwenziwa, ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezingcezu ezifakiwe kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-C ensimbini encibilikisiwe, i-carburizer kumele isetshenziswe ukwandisa ikhabhoni. Ikhabhoni ekhona ngesimo se-element ku-recarburizer inokushisa okuncibilikisiwe okungu-3727°C futhi ayikwazi ukuncibilikisiwa ekushiseni kwensimbi encibilikisiwe. Ngakho-ke, ikhabhoni ku-recarburizer incibilikisiwe kakhulu ensimbini encibilikisiwe ngezindlela ezimbili zokuncibilikisa nokusabalalisa. Uma okuqukethwe kwe-graphite recarburizer ensimbini encibilikisiwe kungu-2.1%, i-graphite ingancibilikisiwa ngqo ensimbini encibilikisiwe. Isici sesisombululo esiqondile se-non-graphite carbonization empeleni asikho, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikhabhoni iyasabalala kancane kancane futhi incibilike ensimbini encibilikisiwe. Ukuze kuphinde kuncibilikiswe insimbi encibilikisiwe e-induction furnace, izinga lokuphinda kuncibilikiswe kwe-crystalline graphite recarburization liphakeme kakhulu kunele-non-graphite recarburizers.
Ukuhlolwa kubonisa ukuthi ukuncibilika kwekhabhoni ensimbini encibilikisiwe kulawulwa ukudluliselwa kwesisindo sekhabhoni engqimbeni yomngcele woketshezi ebusweni bezinhlayiya eziqinile. Uma kuqhathaniswa imiphumela etholwe ngezinhlayiya ze-coke namalahle nemiphumela etholwe nge-graphite, kutholakale ukuthi izinga lokusabalala kanye nokuncibilika kwama-recarburizer ensimbini encibilikisiwe lishesha kakhulu kunelezinhlayiya ze-coke namalahle. Amasampula ezinhlayiya ze-coke namalahle ancibilikisiwe kancane abonwa nge-electron microscope, futhi kwatholakala ukuthi ungqimba lomlotha oluncane olunamathelayo lwakhiwa ebusweni bezinhlayiya, okwakuyisici esiyinhloko esithinta ukusabalala kwazo kanye nokusebenza kwazo ensimbini encibilikisiwe.
3. Izici ezithinta umphumela wokwanda kwekhabhoni
(1) Ithonya losayizi wezinhlayiya ze-recarburizer Izinga lokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer lincike emphumeleni ohlangene wezinga lokuncibilika kanye nokusabalalisa kwe-recarburizer kanye nezinga lokulahleka kwe-oxidation. Ngokuvamile, izinhlayiya ze-recarburizer zincane, ijubane lokuncibilika liyashesha, futhi ijubane lokulahlekelwa likhulu; izinhlayiya ze-carburizer zikhulu, ijubane lokuncibilika lihamba kancane, futhi ijubane lokulahlekelwa lincane. Ukukhetha usayizi wezinhlayiya ze-recarburizer kuhlobene nobubanzi kanye nomthamo wesithando. Ngokuvamile, lapho ububanzi kanye nomthamo wesithando kukhulu, usayizi wezinhlayiya ze-recarburizer kufanele ube mkhulu; ngokuphambene nalokho, usayizi wezinhlayiya ze-recarburizer kufanele ube mncane.
(2) Ithonya lenani le-recarburizer elingeziwe Ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuthile kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okufanayo, ukugcwala okugcwele kwekhabhoni ensimbini encibilikisiwe kuqinisekile. Ngaphansi kwezinga elithile lokugcwala, lapho i-recarburizer ingeziwe kakhulu, isikhathi eside esidingekayo sokuncibilika nokusabalala, kulapho ukulahlekelwa okuhambisanayo kukhulu khona, futhi izinga lokumuncwa liphansi.
(3) Umphumela wokushisa esilinganisweni sokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer Ngokuyisisekelo, lapho izinga lokushisa lensimbi encibilikisiwe liphezulu, kulapho kutholakala khona ukumuncwa nokuncibilikiswa kwe-recarburizer. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-recarburizer kunzima ukuyincibilikisa, futhi izinga lokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer liyancipha. Kodwa-ke, lapho izinga lokushisa lensimbi encibilikisiwe liphezulu kakhulu, yize i-recarburizer kungenzeka ukuthi ichitheke ngokuphelele, izinga lokulahlekelwa yikhabhoni lizokhula, okuzogcina kuholele ekunciphiseni kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kanye nokwehla kwezinga lokumuncwa lilonke le-recarburizer. Ngokuvamile, lapho izinga lokushisa lensimbi encibilikisiwe liphakathi kuka-1460 no-1550 °C, ukusebenza kahle kokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer kungcono kakhulu.
(4) Ithonya lokuxuba insimbi encibilikisiwe esilinganisweni sokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer Ukuxuba kunenzuzo ekuncibilikeni nasekusabalaleni kwekhabhoni, futhi kugwema ukuthi i-recarburizer intante phezu kwensimbi encibilikisiwe bese ishiswa. Ngaphambi kokuba i-recarburizer incibilike ngokuphelele, isikhathi sokuxuba side futhi izinga lokumuncwa liphezulu. Ukuxuba kunganciphisa nesikhathi sokubamba i-carbonization, kufinyeze umjikelezo wokukhiqiza, futhi kugweme ukushiswa kwezinto ezixubile ensimbini encibilikisiwe. Kodwa-ke, uma isikhathi sokuxuba side kakhulu, akugcini nje ngokuba nethonya elikhulu empilweni yenkonzo yesithando, kodwa futhi kwenza kube nzima ukulahleka kwekhabhoni ensimbini encibilikisiwe ngemva kokuba i-recarburizer incibilikisiwe. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi esifanele sokuxuba insimbi encibilikisiwe kufanele sifanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-recarburizer incibilikisiwe ngokuphelele.
(5) Ithonya lokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwensimbi encibilikisiwe esilinganisweni sokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer Lapho okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kokuqala ensimbini encibilikisiwe kuphezulu, ngaphansi komkhawulo othile wokuncibilika, izinga lokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer lihamba kancane, inani lokumuncwa lincane, futhi ukulahlekelwa kokusha kukhulu kakhulu. Izinga lokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer liphansi. Okuphambene nalokho kuyiqiniso lapho okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kokuqala kwensimbi encibilikisiwe kuphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-silicon ne-sulfur ensimbini encibilikisiwe kuvimbela ukumuncwa kwekhabhoni futhi kunciphisa izinga lokumuncwa kwama-recarburizer; kuyilapho i-manganese isiza ekumuncweni kwekhabhoni futhi ithuthukise izinga lokumuncwa kwama-recarburizer. Ngokwezinga lethonya, i-silicon inkulu kunazo zonke, ilandelwa yi-manganese, kanti i-carbon ne-sulfur zinethonya elincane. Ngakho-ke, enkambisweni yokukhiqiza yangempela, i-manganese kufanele ingezwe kuqala, bese kuba yi-carbon, bese kuba yi-silicon.
4. Umphumela wama-recarburizer ahlukene ezimpahleni zensimbi ephonswe
(1) Izimo zokuhlola Izitofu ezimbili zokungenisa ezingenayo i-coreless core ezine-5t intermediate frequency zasetshenziswa ukuncibilikisa, ngamandla aphezulu angu-3000kW kanye nemvamisa engu-500Hz. Ngokusho kohlu lwansuku zonke lwe-batching workshop (izinto zokubuyisela ezingu-50%, insimbi yengulube engu-20%, izingcezu ezingu-30%), sebenzisa i-recarburizer ene-calcium ephansi kanye ne-recarburizer yohlobo lwe-graphite ukuze uncibilikise isithando sensimbi encibilikisiwe ngokulandelana, ngokwezidingo zenqubo Ngemva kokulungisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, faka isivalo esikhulu se-cylinder bearing ngokulandelana.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza: I-recarburizer ifakwa esithandweni sikagesi ngamaqoqo ngesikhathi senqubo yokondla ukuze kuncibilikiswe, i-0.4% primary inoculant (i-silicon barium inoculant) ifakwa enqubweni yokuthepha, kanye ne-0.1% secondary flow inoculant (i-Silicon barium inoculant). Sebenzisa umugqa wesitayela we-DISA2013.
(2) Izakhiwo Zemishini Ukuze kuqinisekiswe umphumela wama-recarburizer amabili ahlukene ezimpahleni zensimbi ecibilikisiwe, futhi kugwenywe ithonya lokwakheka kwensimbi ecibilikisiwe emiphumeleni, ukwakheka kwensimbi ecibilikisiwe okuncibilikisiwe ngama-recarburizer ahlukene kwalungiswa ukuze kufane ngokuyisisekelo. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokugcwele imiphumela, enkambisweni yokuhlola, ngaphezu kwamasethi amabili amabha okuhlola e-Ø30mm athululelwe ezithandweni ezimbili zensimbi ecibilikisiwe, izingcezu ezingu-12 zokuphonswa eziphonsweni zensimbi ngayinye ecibilikisiwe nazo zakhethwa ngokungahleliwe ukuze kuhlolwe ubulukhuni beBrinell (izingcezu ezingu-6/ibhokisi, kuhlolwa amabhokisi amabili).
Uma kwenzeka cishe okufanayo, amandla emigoqo yokuhlola ekhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa i-recarburizer yohlobo lwe-graphite aphezulu kakhulu kunalawo emigoqo yokuhlola esetshenziswa i-recarburizer yohlobo lwe-calcined, futhi ukusebenza kokucubungula kwama-castings akhiqizwa yi-recarburizer yohlobo lwe-graphite ngokusobala kungcono kunalokho okukhiqizwa ngokusebenzisa i-recarburizer yohlobo lwe-graphite. Ama-Castings akhiqizwa yi-recarburizers yohlobo lwe-calcined (lapho ubunzima be-castings buphakeme kakhulu, umkhawulo wama-castings uzovela njengesenzakalo sommese wokugxuma ngesikhathi sokucubungula).
(3) Izinhlobo ze-graphite zamasampula asebenzisa i-recarburizer yohlobo lwe-graphite zonke ziyi-graphite yohlobo lwe-A, futhi inani le-graphite likhulu futhi usayizi uncane.
Iziphetho ezilandelayo zithathwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa engenhla: i-recarburizer yohlobo lwe-graphite esezingeni eliphezulu ayikwazi nje ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini ze-castings, ithuthukise isakhiwo se-metallographic, kodwa futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kokucubungula kwe-castings.
03. Isiphetho
(1) Izici ezithinta izinga lokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer usayizi wezinhlayiya ze-recarburizer, inani le-recarburizer elingeziwe, izinga lokushisa le-recarburizer, isikhathi sokuxubha kwensimbi encibilikisiwe kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwensimbi encibilikisiwe.
(2) I-recarburizer yohlobo lwe-graphite esezingeni eliphezulu ayikwazi nje ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini ze-castings, ithuthukise isakhiwo se-metallographic, kodwa futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kokucubungula kwe-castings. Ngakho-ke, lapho kukhiqizwa imikhiqizo ebalulekile efana namabhulokhi esilinda kanye namakhanda esilinda enkambisweni yokuncibilikisa isithando sokungenisa, kunconywa ukusebenzisa ama-recarburizer ohlobo lwe-graphite esezingeni eliphezulu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-08-2022