Isimiso sokusebenza sama-electrode e-graphite anamandla aphezulu kakhulu.

Isimiso sokusebenza sama-electrode e-graphite anamandla aphezulu kakhulu (UHP) sisekelwe kakhulu kulokho okukhishwa yi-arc. Ngokusebenzisa ugesi wawo ophakeme kakhulu, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, kanye nezakhiwo zemishini, lawa ma-electrode avumela ukuguqulwa kwamandla kagesi abe amandla okushisa okuphumelelayo ngaphakathi kwezimo zokuncibilikisa ezishisa kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela eqhuba inqubo yensimbi. Ngezansi ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezindlela zawo zokusebenza eziyinhloko:

1. Ukukhishwa kwe-Arc kanye nokuguqulwa kwamandla kagesi abe ukushisa

1.1 Indlela Yokwakheka Kwe-Arc
Uma ama-electrode e-graphite e-UHP ehlanganiswa nemishini yokuncibilikisa (isb., izitofu ze-arc kagesi), asebenza njengemidiya yokudlulisa amandla. Ukukhishwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu kudala i-arc kagesi phakathi kwesihloko se-electrode kanye neshaja yesithando (isb., insimbi elahliwe, i-iron ore). Le arc iqukethe isiteshi se-plasma esihambisa amandla esakhiwe yi-ionization yegesi, enamazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-3000°C—adlula kakhulu amazinga okushisa avamile okushisa.

1.2 Ukudluliselwa Kwamandla Okusebenzayo
Ukushisa okukhulu okukhiqizwa yi-arc kuncibilikisa ngqo ishaja yesithando somlilo. Ukuqhuba kukagesi okuphezulu kwama-electrode (okune-resistivity ephansi njengo-6–8 μΩ·m) kuqinisekisa ukulahleka kwamandla okuncane ngesikhathi sokudlulisa, okwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ekwenzeni insimbi ye-arc furnace (EAF), isibonelo, ama-electrode e-UHP anganciphisa imijikelezo yokuncibilikisa ngaphezu kuka-30%, okuthuthukisa kakhulu umkhiqizo.

2. Izakhiwo Zezinto Ezibonakalayo kanye Nokuqinisekiswa Kokusebenza

2.1 Ukuzinza Kwesakhiwo Esinokushisa Okuphezulu
Ukuqina kwama-electrode ekushiseni okuphezulu kuvela esakhiweni sawo sekristalu: ama-athomu ekhabhoni ahlanganisiwe akha inethiwekhi yesibopho se-covalent nge-sp² hybridization, enokubopha phakathi kwezingqimba ngokusebenzisa amandla e-van der Waals. Lesi sakhiwo sigcina amandla omshini ku-3000°C futhi sinikeza ukumelana okumangalisayo kokushaqeka kokushisa (okumelana nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa okufika ku-500°C/min), okudlula ama-electrode ensimbi asebenza kahle.

2.2 Ukumelana Nokwanda Kokushisa Nokugeleza
Ama-electrode e-UHP abonisa i-coefficient ephansi yokwanda kokushisa (1.2×10⁻⁶/°C), anciphisa izinguquko zobukhulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu futhi avimbele ukwakheka kwemifantu ngenxa yokucindezeleka kokushisa. Ukumelana kwawo nokuqhekeka (ikhono lokumelana nokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu) kulungiswa ngokukhethwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwe-needle coke kanye nezinqubo ze-graphitization ezithuthukisiwe, okuqinisekisa ukuzinza kobukhulu ngesikhathi sokusebenza isikhathi eside komthwalo ophezulu.

2.3 Ukumelana Nokugqwala Nokubola
Ngokufaka ama-antioxidants (isb., ama-boride, ama-silicides) nokusebenzisa izembozo ezingaphezulu, izinga lokushisa lokuqala kwe-oxidation lama-electrode liphakama ngaphezu kuka-800°C. Ukungakwazi ukusebenza kwamakhemikhali ngokumelene ne-slag encibilikisiwe ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-electrode, kwandise impilo yesevisi ibe izikhathi eziphindwe kabili kuya kathathu kunezama-electrode avamile.

3. Ukuhambisana Kwenqubo Nokuthuthukiswa Kwesistimu

3.1 Ubuningi Bamanje kanye Nomthamo Wamandla
Ama-electrode e-UHP asekela ubuningi bamanje obudlula ama-50 A/cm². Uma ehlanganiswa nama-transformer anomthamo ophezulu (isb., i-100 MVA), avumela ukufakwa kwamandla esithando esisodwa okudlula ama-MW ayi-100. Lo mklamo usheshisa amazinga okufakwa kokushisa ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa—isibonelo, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngethani le-silicon ekukhiqizweni kwe-ferrosilicon kube ngaphansi kwama-kWh angu-8000.

3.2 Impendulo Eguquguqukayo kanye Nokulawulwa Kwenqubo
Izinhlelo zokuncibilikisa zesimanje zisebenzisa ama-Smart Electrode Regulators (ama-SER) ukuze aqaphe njalo indawo ye-electrode, ukushintshashintsha kwamanje, kanye nobude be-arc, agcine amazinga okusetshenziswa kwe-electrode ngaphakathi kwensimbi engu-1.5–2.0 kg/t. Uma kuhambisana nokuqapha umoya wesithando (isb., izilinganiso ze-CO/CO₂), lokhu kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuxhumanisa i-electrode-charge.

3.3 Ukuthuthukiswa Kokusebenzisana Kwesistimu Nokusetshenziswa Kahle Kwamandla
Ukusebenzisa ama-electrode e-UHP kudinga ingqalasizinda esekelayo, okuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokuphakelwa kwamandla ezinamandla aphezulu (isb., ukuxhumana okuqondile okungu-110 kV), izintambo ezipholiswe ngamanzi, kanye namayunithi okuqoqa uthuli asebenzayo. Ubuchwepheshe bokubuyisa ukushisa okulahliwe (isb., ukukhiqiza ndawonye kwe-arc furnace ngaphandle kwegesi) kuphakamisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla okungaphezu kuka-60%, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncishisiwe.

Lokhu kuhumusha kugcina ukunemba kobuchwepheshe ngenkathi kulandelwa imithetho yamagama ezemfundo/ezimboni, kuqinisekisa ukucaca kwezilaleli ezikhethekile.