Ama-electrode e-graphite anezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile ezingasetshenziswa kokubili ku-hydrogen fuel cell kanye nasemkhakheni wamandla enuzi, ngezinzuzo zawo eziyinhloko ezivela ekuqhutshweni kukagesi okuphezulu kwezinto, ukumelana nokushisa, ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali, kanye namakhono okuguqula i-neutron. Izimo ezithile zokusetshenziswa kanye namanani achazwe ngezansi:
I. Umkhakha Weseli Kaphethiloli We-Hydrogen: Ukusekelwa Okuyinhloko Kwamapuleti E-Bipolar kanye Nezinto Ze-Electrode
Ukukhetha Okujwayelekile Kwamapuleti E-Bipolar
Amapuleti e-graphite bipolar asebenza “njengomgogodla” wama-stack e-hydrogen fuel cell, enza imisebenzi emine ebalulekile: ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo, ukuhlukaniswa kwegesi, ukuqoqwa kwamanje, kanye nokuphathwa kokushisa. Imiklamo yawo yesiteshi sokugeleza ihlukanisa ngempumelelo i-hydrogen ne-oxygen, iqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kwamagesi asabelayo kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusabela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhanjiswa kwawo okuphezulu kokushisa kugcina amazinga okushisa esistimu azinzile. Ngo-2024, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuthengiswa kwezimoto ze-hydrogen fuel cell zaseShayina kwanda ngaphezu kuka-40% unyaka nonyaka, okuqhuba ngqo ukwanda emakethe ye-bipolar plate. Amapuleti e-graphite bipolar abalelwa ku-58.7% wesabelo semakethe ye-bipolar plate yaseShayina, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yenzuzo yawo yezindleko (30%-50% ephansi kune-metal bipolar plates) kanye nobuchwepheshe bokubumba obuvuthiwe.
Indima Ethuthukisa Ukusebenza Kwezinto Ze-Electrode
- Izinto Ezingalungile Ze-Electrode: Ukuqhuba kukagesi okuphezulu kanye nokuqina kwamakhemikhali kwe-graphite kwenza kube yinto efanelekile yama-electrode angalungile e-hydrogen fuel cell, okuvumela ukwamukelwa kahle kwama-electron kanye nokumuncwa kwama-ion amahle ngenkathi kunciphisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi.
- Isigcwalisi Sokuhambisa Ama-Electrode Ane-Positive: Kuma-electrode amahle okushintshana kwe-sodium/potassium ion, i-graphite isebenza njengesigcwalisi sokuhambisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhanjiswa kwezinto futhi kuthuthukiswe izindlela zokuthutha ama-ion.
- Umsebenzi Wesendlalelo Esivikelayo: Ukumbozwa kwe-graphite kuvimbela ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwama-electrolyte nezinto ze-electrode ezingezinhle, kuvimbela ukugqwala kwe-oxidation futhi kwandise isikhathi sokuphila kwebhethri. Isibonelo, ibhizinisi elilodwa laphinda kabili impilo yomjikelezo wama-electrode angezinhle ngokusebenzisa isendlalelo sokuvikela esihlanganisiwe se-graphite.
Ukubuyekezwa Kobuchwepheshe kanye Namandla Emakethe
Usayizi wemakethe wamapuleti e-graphite amancane kakhulu (ukujiya ≤ 0.1 mm) asetshenziswa kumapuleti e-bipolar cell e-hydrogen fuel cell afinyelele ku-RMB 820 million ngo-2024, ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esingu-45%. Njengoba imigomo "ye-dual carbon" yaseShayina iqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kochungechunge lwemboni yamandla e-hydrogen, imakethe yamaseli kaphethiloli kulindeleke ukuthi idlule ku-RMB 100 billion ngo-2030, okukhulisa ngqo isidingo samapuleti e-bipolar e-graphite. Okwamanje, ukwamukelwa okukhulu kwemishini yokukhiqiza i-hydrogen nge-electrolysis yamanzi kwandisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwama-electrode e-graphite ezinhlelweni zokugcina amandla avuselelekayo.
II. Umkhakha Wamandla Enuzi: Ukuphepha Okubalulekile Kokuphepha Nokusebenza Kahle Kwe-Reactor
Izinto Eziyinhloko Zokulawula Nokulawula I-Neutron
Ama-electrode e-graphite aqale athuthukiswa njengabaqondisi be-neutron be-axial-graphite reactors, elawula amazinga okusabela kwe-nuclear ngokunciphisa ijubane le-neutron ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwe-reactor. Indawo yayo yokuncibilika ephezulu (3,652°C), ukumelana nokugqwala, kanye nokuqina kwemisebe (ukugcina ubuqotho besakhiwo ngaphansi kokuchayeka isikhathi eside kwemisebe) kwenza kube ukukhetha okuhle kwezinduku zokulawula i-reactor ye-nuclear kanye nezinto zokuvikela. Isibonelo, i-reactor yaseShayina epholile ngegesi (i-HTGR) isebenzisa i-graphite yezinga le-nuclear njengesisekelo sezinto zikaphethiloli, ngokulawula okuqinile okuqukethwe kokungcola (ikakhulukazi i-boron) emazingeni e-ppm ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka kokumuncwa kwe-neutron.
Ukusebenza Okuzinzile Ezindaweni Ezinokushisa Okuphezulu
Kuma-reactor enuzi, i-graphite kumele imelane namazinga okushisa aphezulu (kufika ku-2,000°C) kanye nezindawo zokukhanya okukhulu. Ukushisa kwayo okuphezulu (100–200 W/m·K) kwenza kube lula ukudlulisa ukushisa okusheshayo ngaphakathi kwe-reactor, kunciphisa izindawo ezishisayo futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokuphathwa kokushisa. Isibonelo, ama-HTGR esizukulwane sesine asebenzisa i-graphite njengezinto eziyinhloko zesakhiwo, efinyelela ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli enuzi okuphumelelayo ngemiphumela ye-graphite yokunciphisa i-neutron.
Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe kanye Nentuthuko Yasekhaya
- Ukuvuvukala Kwemisebe Ye-Neutron: Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside emisebeni ye-neutron kubangela ukwanda kwevolumu ye-graphite (ukuvuvukala kwe-neutron), okungase kube yingozi ekuqineni kwesakhiwo se-reactor. I-China inciphise lokhu ngokuthuthukisa isakhiwo se-graphite grain (isb., ukusebenzisa i-isotropic graphite) ukulawula amazinga okuvuvukala angaphansi kuka-0.5%.
- Ukusebenza Kwemisebe: I-Graphite ikhiqiza ama-isotope anemisebe (isb., i-carbon-14) ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwe-reactor, okudinga izinqubo ezikhethekile (isb., ubuchwepheshe be-HTGR obumbozwe nge-fuel) ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi zokusebenza.
- Ukuthuthuka Kokukhiqiza Kwasekhaya: Ngo-2025, i-graphite yaseShayina yezinga lenuzi yama-HTGR yadlula isitifiketi sikazwelonke, kanti isidingo kulindeleke ukuthi sidlule ama-metric tons angu-20,000, okwaphula ukulawulwa kwamanye amazwe. Ibhizinisi elilodwa lanciphisa izindleko ze-graphite yezinga lenuzi ngo-30% ngokusungula amakhono okukhiqiza i-needle coke yasekhaya, okuthuthukisa ukuncintisana komhlaba wonke.
III. Ukusebenzisana Kwemikhakha Ehlukahlukene kanye Nezindlela Zesikhathi Esizayo
Ukuqamba Izinto Okuthuthukisiwe Okuqhubekisela Phambili Ukusebenza
- Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinto Ezihlanganisiwe: Ukuhlanganisa i-graphite nama-resin noma imicu yekhabhoni kuthuthukisa amandla okusebenza kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Isibonelo, amapuleti e-bipolar e-graphite-resin andisa impilo yesevisi ibe ngaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu kuma-electrolyzer ezimboni ze-chlor-alkali.
- Ubuchwepheshe Bokuguqulwa Komphezulu: Izembozo ze-nitride zithuthukisa ukuhanjiswa kukagesi kwe-graphite, zibhekana nokuhanjiswa kwayo okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi futhi zihlangabezana nezidingo zamaseli kaphethiloli anamandla aphezulu.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinkinobho Zezimboni kanye Nokuhlelwa Komhlaba Wonke
Amabhizinisi aseShayina aqinisekisa ukuzinza kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ngokutshalwa kwezimali kwezimayini ze-graphite zaphesheya kwezilwandle (isib. iMozambique) kanye nokuthunyelwa kwezitshalo zokucubungula zaseMalaysia, kuyilapho egcina ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko ngaphakathi ezweni. Ukubamba iqhaza ekubekeni amazinga omhlaba wonke (isib. amazinga okuhlola i-ISO graphite electrode) kuqinisa ubuholi bezobuchwepheshe futhi kubhekana nemithetho yezemvelo efana nentela yemingcele yekhabhoni ye-EU.
Ukukhula Okuqhutshwa Yinqubomgomo Nokuqhutshwa Yimakethe
I-China ihlose ukwandisa isabelo sokwenza insimbi yesithando sikagesi se-arc sifike ku-15%-20% ngo-2025, okukhulisa ngokungaqondile isidingo se-graphite electrode. Okwamanje, imikhakha ekhulayo efana namandla e-hydrogen kanye nesitoreji samandla inikeza amathuba emakethe e-trillion-yuan yama-electrode e-graphite. Izinhlelo zokuvuselela amandla enuzi emhlabeni wonke (isb., umgomo weJapane wezimoto ze-hydrogen ezingama-20% ngo-2030 kanye nokwanda kokutshalwa kwezimali kwenuzi yaseYurophu) kuzokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwama-graphite electrode emijikelezweni kaphethiloli wenuzi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-05-2025