01. Ungawahlukanisa kanjani ama-recarburizers
Ama-carburizer angahlukaniswa abe yizinhlobo ezine ngokuya ngezinto zawo ezingavuthiwe.
1. I-graphite yokwenziwa
Impahla eluhlaza eyinhloko yokwenziwa kwe-graphite yokwenziwa iyimpuphu yekhwalithi ephezulu ye-petroleum coke, lapho i-asphalt yengezwa njenge-binder, futhi isamba esincane sezinye izinto ezisizayo zengezwa. Ngemva kokuba izinto zokusetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene zixutshwe ndawonye, ziyacindezelwa futhi zakhiwe, bese ziphathwa endaweni engeyona i-oxidizing ku-2500-3000 ° C ukuze zenze i-graphitized. Ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa okuphezulu, umlotha, isulfure kanye negesi okuqukethwe kuyancipha kakhulu.
Ngenxa yentengo ephezulu yemikhiqizo ye-graphite yokwenziwa, iningi lama-graphite recarburizers okwenziwa ajwayele ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezisunguliwe yizinto ezigaywe kabusha njengama-chips, ama-electrode okulahlwayo namabhulokhi e-graphite lapho kukhiqizwa ama-electrode egraphite ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza.
Lapho kuncibilika i-iron ductile, ukuze wenze ikhwalithi ye-metallurgical ye-cast iron ibe phezulu, i-graphite yokwenziwa kufanele ibe yisinqumo sokuqala se-recarburizer.
2. I-petroleum coke
I-petroleum coke iyi-recarburizer esetshenziswa kabanzi.
I-petroleum coke iwumkhiqizo otholakala ngokucwenga uwoyela ongahluziwe. Izinsalela kanye nemigodi ye-petroleum etholwe ngokucwiliswa kwe-distillation ngaphansi kwengcindezi evamile noma ngaphansi kwengcindezi encishisiwe kawoyela ongahluziwe ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza i-petroleum coke, bese i-coke ye-petroleum eluhlaza ingatholakala ngemva kokupheka. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-green petroleum coke cishe kungaphansi kuka-5% yenani likawoyela ongahluziwe osetshenziswayo. Ukukhiqizwa kwaminyaka yonke kwe-petroleum coke eluhlaza e-United States cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingu-30. Okuqukethwe ukungcola ku-green petroleum coke kuphezulu, ngakho-ke akukwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokuqondile njengesigaxa kabusha, futhi kufanele kubalwe kuqala.
I-petroleum coke eluhlaza itholakala ngendlela efana nesipontshi, njengenaliti, i-granular kanye nezinhlobo eziwuketshezi.
I-sponge petroleum coke ilungiswa ngendlela yokupheka ebambezelekile. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwesulfure nensimbi, kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengophethiloli ngesikhathi sokubala, futhi ingasetshenziswa njengempahla eluhlaza ye-coke ye-petroleum e-calcined. I-sponge coke e-calcined isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini ye-aluminium nanjenge-recarburizer.
Inaliti ye-petroleum coke ilungiswa ngendlela yokupheka ebambezelekile ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-hydrocarbons anephunga elimnandi nokuqukethwe okuphansi kokungcola. Le coke inesakhiwo esiphuka kalula njengenaliti, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi i-graphite coke, futhi isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwenza ama-electrode e-graphite ngemva kokubala.
I-granular petroleum coke isesimweni sama-granules aqinile futhi yenziwa ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesulfure ne-asphaltene ngendlela yokupheka ebambezelekile, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu njengamafutha.
I-fluidized petroleum coke itholakala ngokukhokhwa okuqhubekayo embhedeni omanzi.
Ukubalwa kwe-petroleum coke ukususa isulfure, umswakama, nokuguquguquka. Ukubalwa kwe-petroleum coke eluhlaza ku-1200-1350°C kungayenza ikhabhoni emsulwa kakhulu.
Umsebenzisi omkhulu we-coke ye-petroleum e-calcined yimboni ye-aluminium, u-70% wayo usetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-anode anciphisa i-bauxite. Cishe i-6% ye-coke ye-petroleum e-calcined ekhiqizwa e-United States isetshenziselwa i-cast iron recarburizers.
3. I-graphite yemvelo
I-graphite yemvelo ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: i-flake graphite ne-microcrystalline graphite.
I-Microcrystalline graphite inomlotha omningi futhi ngokuvamile ayisetshenziswa njenge-recarburizer ye-cast iron.
Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ze-flake graphite: i-carbon flake graphite ephezulu idinga ukukhishwa ngezindlela zamakhemikhali, noma ukushiswa ukushisa okuphezulu ukuze ibole futhi ivuse ama-oxides kuwo. Okuqukethwe komlotha ku-graphite kuphezulu, ngakho-ke akufanelekile ukusetshenziswa njenge-recarburizer; i-carbon graphite ephakathi isetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-recarburizer, kodwa inani aliningi.
4. I-Coke ne-Anthracite
Enqubweni yokwenza insimbi ye-arc yomlilo kagesi, i-coke noma i-anthracite ingangezwa njenge-recarburizer lapho ishaja. Ngenxa yomlotha wayo omningi nokuqukethwe okuguquguqukayo, insimbi encibilikisiwe yesithando somlilo ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa njenge-recarburizer.
Ngokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezidingo zokuvikela imvelo, ukunakwa okwengeziwe kukhokhwa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsiza, futhi amanani ensimbi yengulube kanye ne-coke ayaqhubeka nokukhuphuka, okuholela ekwenyukeni kwezindleko zokuphonsa. Ayanda ama-Foundries aseqala ukusebenzisa iziko likagesi ukuze athathe indawo yokuncibilika kwe-cupola evamile. Ekuqaleni kuka-2011, indawo yokusebenzela yezingxenye ezincane nezimaphakathi yefektri yethu nayo yamukela inqubo yokuncibilikisa isithando sikagesi ukuze kuthathelwe indawo inqubo evamile yokuncibilika kwe-cupola. Ukusetshenziswa kwenani elikhulu lensimbi ye-scrap ekuncibilikiseni kwesithando somlilo akukwazi ukunciphisa izindleko kuphela, kodwa futhi kuthuthukise izakhiwo zemishini yokukhipha, kodwa uhlobo lwe-recarburizer esetshenzisiwe kanye nenqubo ye-carburizing idlala indima ebalulekile.
02. Ungayisebenzisa kanjani i-recarburizer ekuncibilikiseni kwesithando somlilo
1 Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-recarburizers
Ziningi izinto ezisetshenziswa njenge-cast iron recarburizers, evame ukusetshenziswa igraphite yokwenziwa, i-calcined petroleum coke, igraphite yemvelo, icoke, i-anthracite, nezingxube ezenziwe ngezinto ezinjalo.
(1) I-graphite yokwenziwa Phakathi kwama-recarburizer ahlukahlukene okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla, ikhwalithi engcono kakhulu i-graphite yokwenziwa. Impahla eluhlaza eyinhloko yokwenziwa kwe-graphite yokwenziwa iyimpuphu yekhwalithi ephezulu ye-petroleum coke, lapho i-asphalt yengezwa njenge-binder, futhi isamba esincane sezinye izinto ezisizayo zengezwa. Ngemva kokuba izinto zokusetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene zixutshwe ndawonye, ziyacindezelwa futhi zakhiwe, bese ziphathwa endaweni engeyona i-oxidizing ku-2500-3000 ° C ukuze zenziwe i-graphitized. Ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa okuphezulu, umlotha, isulfure kanye negesi okuqukethwe kuyancipha kakhulu. Uma ingekho i-petroleum coke ebaliwe ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu noma izinga lokushisa elinganele lokubala, ikhwalithi ye-recarburizer izothinteka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ikhwalithi ye-recarburizer ikakhulukazi incike ezingeni le-graphitization. I-recarburizer enhle iqukethe i-graphic carbon (ingxenye enkulu) Ku-95% kuya ku-98%, okuqukethwe kwesibabule kungu-0.02% kuya ku-0.05%, kanti okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen (100 kuya ku-200) × 10-6.
(2) I-petroleum coke iyi-recarburizer esetshenziswa kakhulu. I-petroleum coke iwumkhiqizo otholakala ekucwengeni uwoyela ongahluziwe. Izinsalela kanye nezingqimba ze-petroleum ezitholakala ekufakweni kwengcindezi evamile noma i-vacuum distillation kawoyela ongahluziwe kungasetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe zokwakha i-petroleum coke. Ngemuva kokupheka, i-petroleum coke eluhlaza ingatholakala. Okuqukethwe kuphezulu futhi akukwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokuqondile njenge-recarburizer, futhi kufanele kubalwe kuqala.
(3) I-graphite yemvelo ingahlukaniswa ibe izinhlobo ezimbili: i-flake graphite ne-microcrystalline graphite. I-Microcrystalline graphite inomlotha omningi futhi ngokuvamile ayisetshenziswa njenge-recarburizer ye-cast iron. Kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ze-flake graphite: i-carbon flake graphite ephezulu idinga ukukhishwa ngezindlela zamakhemikhali, noma ukushiswa ukushisa okuphezulu ukuze ibole futhi ivuse ama-oxides kuwo. Okuqukethwe komlotha ku-graphite kuphezulu futhi akufanele kusetshenziswe njenge-recarburizer. I-Medium carbon graphite isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njenge-recarburizer, kodwa inani aliningi.
(4) I-coke ne-anthracite Enqubweni yokuncibilikisa isithando somlilo, i-coke noma i-anthracite ingangezwa njengesithako se-recarburizer lapho ishajwa. Ngenxa yomlotha wayo omningi nokuqukethwe okuguquguqukayo, insimbi encibilikisiwe yesithando somlilo ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa njenge-recarburizer. , Intengo yale recarburizer iphansi, futhi ingeye-recarburizer yezinga eliphansi.
2. Umgomo we-carburization yensimbi encibilikisiwe
Enqubweni yokuncibilikisa insimbi yokwenziwa, ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinsalela ezingeziwe kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-C ensimbi encibilikisiwe, i-carburizer kufanele isetshenziselwe ukwandisa ikhabhoni. Ikhabhoni ekhona ngendlela ye-elementi ku-recarburizer inezinga lokushisa elincibilikayo elingu-3727°C futhi alikwazi ukuncibilika ekushiseni kwensimbi encibilikisiwe. Ngakho-ke, ikhabhoni eku-recarburizer ikakhulukazi incibilika ensimbi encibilikisiwe ngezindlela ezimbili zokuchithwa nokusabalalisa. Lapho okuqukethwe kwe-graphite recarburizer kunsimbi encibilikisiwe kungu-2.1%, i-graphite ingancibilika ngokuqondile kunsimbi encibilikisiwe. Isixazululo esiqondile se-non-graphite carbonization empeleni asikho, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-carbon kancane kancane iyahlakazeka futhi incibilike ensimbi encibilikisiwe. Ukuze kufakwe kabusha insimbi esakazwayo encibilikisiwe ngesithando somlilo, izinga lokwenziwa kabusha kwe-crystalline graphite recarburization liphezulu kakhulu kunalelo lama-non-graphite recarburizers.
Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ukuncibilika kwekhabhoni kunsimbi encibilikisiwe kulawulwa ukudluliswa kwe-carbon mass ongqimbeni oluwuketshezi oluphezu kwezinhlayiya eziqinile. Uma kuqhathaniswa imiphumela etholwe ngezinhlayiya ze-coke namalahle nemiphumela etholwe nge-graphite, kutholakala ukuthi izinga lokusabalalisa nokuqedwa kwama-graphite recarburizers ensimbi encibilikisiwe lishesha kakhulu kunezinhlayiya ze-coke namalahle. Amasampula ezinhlayiyana ze-coke nezinhlayiyana zamalahle ancibilike kancane abonwa ngesibonakhulu se-electron, futhi kwatholakala ukuthi kwakheka ungqimba lomlotha oluqinile oluncanyana ebusweni bamasampula, okwakuyisici esiyinhloko esithinta ukusebenza kwawo kokusatshalaliswa nokuncibilika kunsimbi encibilikisiwe.
3. Izinto ezithinta umphumela wokwanda kwekhabhoni
(1) Umthelela wosayizi wezinhlayiyana ze-recarburizer Izinga lokumunca le-recarburizer lincike emthelela ohlangene wokuhlakazeka kanye nezinga lokusabalalisa le-recarburizer kanye nezinga lokulahleka kwe-oxidation. Ngokuvamile, izinhlayiya ze-recarburizer zincane, isivinini sokuqedwa siyashesha, futhi isivinini sokulahlekelwa sikhulu; izinhlayiya ze-carburizer zinkulu, isivinini sokuchithwa sihamba kancane, futhi isivinini sokulahlekelwa sincane. Ukukhethwa kosayizi wezinhlayiyana ze-recarburizer kuhlobene nobubanzi nomthamo wesithando somlilo. Ngokuvamile, lapho ububanzi nomthamo wesithando somlilo kukhulu, usayizi wezinhlayiyana ze-recarburizer kufanele ube mkhulu; ngokuphambene nalokho, usayizi wezinhlayiyana ze-recarburizer kufanele ube mncane.
(2) Umthelela wenani le-recarburizer eyengeziwe Ngaphansi kwezimo zezinga lokushisa elithile kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okufanayo, ukugcwala okugcwele kwekhabhoni kunsimbi encibilikisiwe kuqinisekile. Ngaphansi kwezinga elithile lokugcwaliswa kwesikhala, lapho i-recarburizer ingeziwe, isikhathi eside esidingekayo sokuhlakazeka nokusabalalisa, ukulahlekelwa okuhambisanayo kukhulu, futhi kwehla izinga lokumunca.
(3) Umthelela wezinga lokushisa elilinganisweni lokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer Ngokomthetho, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lensimbi encibilikisiwe liba ngcono kakhulu ekumunceni nasekuhlakazweni kwe-recarburizer. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-recarburizer ilukhuni ukuncibilika, futhi izinga lokumuncwa kabusha kwe-recarburizer liyehla. Kodwa-ke, lapho izinga lokushisa lensimbi encibilikisiwe liphezulu kakhulu, nakuba i-recarburizer ingase incibilike ngokuphelele, izinga lokulahlekelwa kokushiswa kwekhabhoni lizokhula, okuzogcina kuholele ekwehleni kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kanye nokuncipha kwayo yonke. izinga lokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer. Ngokuvamile, lapho izinga lokushisa lensimbi encibilikisiwe liphakathi kuka-1460 no-1550 °C, ukumuncwa kahle kwe-recarburizer kungcono kakhulu.
(4) Umthelela wokunyakaziswa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe ngezinga lokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer Ukushukumisa kunenzuzo ekuhlakazweni nasekusakazeni kwekhabhoni, futhi kugwema ukuntanta kabusha kwensimbi encibilikisiwe futhi ishiswe. Ngaphambi kokuba i-recarburizer incibilike ngokuphelele, isikhathi sokugqugquzela side futhi izinga lokumunca liphezulu. Ukushukumisa kunganciphisa futhi isikhathi sokubamba i-carbonization, kufinyeze umjikelezo wokukhiqiza, futhi kugweme ukushiswa kwezakhi ze-alloying kunsimbi encibilikisiwe. Kodwa-ke, uma isikhathi esishukumisayo siside kakhulu, asigcini nje ngokuba nethonya elikhulu empilweni yesevisi yesithando somlilo, kodwa futhi sibhebhethekisa ukulahlekelwa kwekhabhoni ensimbi encibilikisiwe ngemva kokuchithwa kwe-recarburizer. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi esifanele sokushukumisa insimbi encibilikisiwe kufanele sifaneleke ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-recarburizer incibilike ngokuphelele.
(5) Umthelela wokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi encibilikisiwe esilinganisweni sokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer Lapho okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni yokuqala ensimbi encibilikisiwe kuphezulu, ngaphansi komkhawulo othile wokuncibilika, izinga lokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer lihamba kancane, inani lokumunca lincane. , futhi ukulahlekelwa okuvuthayo kukhulu kakhulu. Izinga lokumuncwa kabusha kwe-recarburizer liphansi. Okuphambene kuyiqiniso lapho okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni yokuqala yensimbi encibilikisiwe kuphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-silicon nesulfure kunsimbi encibilikisiwe ivimbela ukumuncwa kwekhabhoni futhi inciphise izinga lokumuncwa kwama-recarburizers; kuyilapho i-manganese isiza ukumunca ikhabhoni futhi ithuthukise izinga lokumuncwa kwama-recarburizers. Ngokwezinga lethonya, i-silicon inkulu kakhulu, ilandelwa yi-manganese, kanti ikhabhoni nesibabule zinethonya elincane. Ngakho-ke, ekukhiqizeni kwangempela, i-manganese kufanele yengezwe kuqala, bese kuba ikhabhoni, bese kuba i-silicon.
4. Umthelela we-recarburizers ehlukene ezakhiweni ze-cast iron
(1) Izimo zokuhlola Amafurnashi amabili amaphakathi we-5t aphakathi nendawo asetshenziselwa ukuncibilika, anamandla amakhulu angu-3000kW kanye nemvamisa engu-500Hz. Ngokohlu lwansuku zonke lwe-workshop (impahla engu-50% yokubuyisela, i-20% yensimbi yengulube, i-30% scrap), sebenzisa i-recarburizer ene-nitrogen ephansi kanye ne-recarburizer yohlobo lwe-graphite ukuncibilikisa isithando somlilo sensimbi encibilikisiwe ngokulandelana. izidingo zenqubo Ngemva kokulungisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, phonsa isivalo esithwalayo esiyinhloko ngokulandelanayo.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza: I-recarburizer yengezwa esithandweni sikagesi ngamaqoqo ngesikhathi senqubo yokuphakela ukuncibilika, i-0.4% inoculant eyinhloko (i-silicon barium inoculant) yengezwe ohlelweni lokuthinta, kanye ne-0.1% yokugeleza kwesibili kwe-inoculant (i-Silicon barium inoculant). Sebenzisa umugqa wesitayela we-DISA2013.
(2) Izakhiwo zemishini Ukuze kuqinisekiswe umphumela wama-recarburizer amabili ahlukene ezakhiweni zensimbi encibilikisiwe, futhi kugwenywe ithonya lokwakheka kwensimbi encibilikisiwe emiphumeleni, ukwakheka kwensimbi encibilikisiwe okuncibilikisiwe ama-recarburizer ahlukene kwalungiswa ukuze kufane ngokuyisisekelo. . Ukuze uqinisekise ngokugcwele imiphumela, ohlelweni lokuhlola, ngaphezu kwamasethi amabili emishayo yokuhlola ye-Ø30mm athululelwa ezithandweni ezimbili zensimbi encibilikisiwe, izingcezu eziyi-12 zokubunjwa kwensimbi ngayinye encibilikisiwe nazo zakhethwa ngokungahleliwe ukuze kuhlolwe ubulukhuni beBrinell. (izingcezu eziyisi-6/ibhokisi, ukuhlola amabhokisi amabili).
Endabeni yokwakheka okucishe kufane, amandla emigoqo yokuhlola akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa i-recarburizer yohlobo lwegraphite aphakeme kakhulu kunalawo amabha okuhlola asetshenziswa kusetshenziswa i-recarburizer yohlobo olune-calcined, kanye nokusebenza kokucubungula okukhiqizwe i-recarburizer yohlobo lwe-graphite ngokusobala ingcono kunaleyo ekhiqizwa kusetshenziswa i-graphite-type recarburizer. Ama-castings akhiqizwa ama-recarburizers ane-calcined (uma ubulukhuni bokubunjwa buphezulu kakhulu, unqenqema lokulingisa luzovela isenzakalo sommese ogxumayo ngesikhathi sokucubungula).
(3) Amafomu e-graphite amasampula asebenzisa i-recarburizer yohlobo lwe-graphite wonke ayi-graphite yohlobo lwe-A, futhi inani legraphite likhulu futhi ubukhulu buncane.
Iziphetho ezilandelayo zitholwa emiphumeleni yokuhlola engenhla: i-recarburizer yohlobo lwe-graphite yekhwalithi ephezulu ayikwazi nje ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini yokubunjwa, ithuthukise ukwakheka kwe-metallographic, kodwa futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kokucubungula.
03. Isiqephu
(1) Izici ezithinta izinga lokumuncwa kwe-recarburizer ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana ze-recarburizer, inani le-recarburizer eyengeziwe, izinga lokushisa lokubuyisela, isikhathi esinyakazayo sensimbi encibilikisiwe kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi encibilikisiwe.
(2) Ikhwalithi ephezulu ye-graphite-type recarburizer ayikwazi nje ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini yokukhipha, ithuthukise isakhiwo se-metallographic, kodwa futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kokucubungula. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhiqiza imikhiqizo eyisihluthulelo njengamabhulokhi we-cylinder namakhanda e-cylinder enqubweni yokuncibilika kwesithando somlilo, kunconywa ukusebenzisa ama-recarburizers ohlobo lwe-graphite aphezulu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-08-2022